首先，就「競爭」是否可提升「效率」論之，借用Krugman針對1993年六月歐體理事會主席（President of the EC Commission）Jacques Delors於Copenhagen之歐體領袖會議所指出的，歐洲各國失業問題的肇因在於對美、日缺乏競爭力（a lack of competitiveness）之診斷的評論： ”is a hypothesis, not a necessary truth; and as a practical, empirical matter, that hypothesis is flatly wrong.”（Krugman, 1994, p. 30）；故即使就所謂的國家競爭力而言，Krugman明白的指出：

“…., the obsession with competitiveness is not only wrong but dangerous, skewing domestic policies and threatening the international economic system.”

“Competitiveness is a meaningless word when applied to national economies. And the obsession with competitiveness is both wrong and dangerous.” ( Krugman, 1994, p. 30, p. 44)

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